The Kremlin's espionage and terror organizations;

O' 5 Oc'C ^9/

HARVARD COLLEGE
LIBRARY

GIFT OF THE

GOVERNMENT
OF THE UNITED STATES

us Doc 2.791

Committee on Un-Americ6ua Activities
House
86th Congress

Table of Contents

(Since these hearings are consecutively paged
they are arranged by page number, instead of
alphabetically by title

1. The Kremlin's Espionage and Terror Organizations '^^^^

2-k, The Southern California District of the
Communist Party. Structure - Ob,iectives -
Lead ership . pts . 1-3

5. Current Sti«.tegy and Tactics of Communists
in the United States (Greater Pittsburgh
Area - Part l)

6. Problems of Security in Industrial Estab-
lishments Holding Defense Contiracts (Greater
Pittsburgh Area - Part 2)

7. Problems Arising in Cases of Denaturaliza-
tion sind Deportation of Communists (Greater
Pittsburgh Area - Part 5)

8. Communist Infiltration of Vital Industries
and Current Communist Techniques in Chicago,
111. , Area

9-10. Passport Security - Pt.1-2

5'^

M^6

THE KREMLIN'S ESPIONAGE AND TERROR
ORGANIZATIONS

TESTIMONY OF PETR S. DERIABIN
Former Officer of the USSR's Committee of State Security (KGB)

HEARING

BEFORE THE

COMMITTEE ON UN-IMEEICAN ACTIVITIES

HOUSE OF REPEESENTATIYES

EIGHTY-SIXTH CONGRESS

FIRST SESSION

RELEASED MARCH 17, 1959

Printed for the use of the Committee on Un-American Activities
INCLUDING INDEX

HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY

DEPOSITED BY THE
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

APR 7 lSo9

UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
87927» WASHINGTON : 1959

COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
United States House op Representatives

FRANCIS E. WALTER, Pennsylvania, Chairman
MORGAN M. MOULDER, Missouri DONALD L. JACKSON, CaUfornIa

CLYDE DOYLE, California GORDON H. SCHERER, Ohio

EDWIN E. WILLIS, Louisiana WILLIAM E. MILLER, New York

WILLIAM M. TUCK, Vii-giuia AUGUST E. JOHANSEN, Michigan

Richard Arens, Staff Director
II

CONTENTS

Page

Synopsis 1

Testimony of —

Petr S. Deriabin 3

Index i

III

Public Law 601, 79th Congress

The legislation under which the House Committee on Un-American
Activities operates is Public Law 601, 79th Congress [1946], chapter
753, 2d session, which provides:

Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, * * *

PART 2— RULES OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Rule X

SEC. 121. STANDING COMMITTEES

)(!******

18. Committee on Un-American Activities, to consist of nine Members.

Rule XI

POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES
iti ***** *

(q) (1) Committee on Un-American Activities.

(A) Un-American activities.

(2) The Committee on Un-American Activities, as a whole or by subcommit-
tee, is authorized to make from time to time investigations of (i) the extent,
character, and objects of un-American propaganda activities in the United States,
(ii) the diffusion within the United States of subversive and un-American propa-
ganda that is instigated from foreign countries or of a domestic origin and attacks
the principle of the form of government as guaranteed by our Constitution, and
(iii) all other questions in relation thereto that would aid Congress in any necessary
remedial legislation.

The Committee on Un-American Activities shall report to the House (or to the
Clerk of the House if the House is not in session) the results of any such investi-
gation, together with such recommendations as it deems advisable.

For the purpose of any such investigation, the Committee on Un-American
Activities, or any subcommittee thereof, is authorized to sit and act at such
times and places within the United States, whether or not the House is sitting,
has recessed, or has adjourned, to hold such hearings, to require the attendance
of such witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents, and
to take such testimony, as it deems necessary, Subpenas may be issued under
the signature of the chairman of the committee or any subcommittee, or by any
member designated by any such chairman, and may be served by any person
designated by any such chairman or member.

*******

Rule XII

LEGISLATIVE OVERSIGHT BY STANDING COMMITTEES

Sec. 136. To assist the Congress in appraising the administration of the laws
and in developing such amendments or related legislation as it may deem neces-
sary, eack standing committee of the Senate and the House of Representatives
shall exercise continuous watchfulness of the execution by the administrative
agencies concerned of any laws, the subject matter of which is within the jurisdic-
tion of such committee; and, for that purpose, shall study all pertinent reports
and data submitted to the Congress by the agencies in the executive branch of
the Government.

RULES ADOPTED BY THE 86TH CONGRESS

House Resolution 7, January 7, 1959

♦ ***♦••

Rule X

STANDING COMMITTEES

1. There shall be elected by the House, at the commencement of each Con-
gress,

*******
(q) Committee on Un-American Activities, to consist of nine Members.

♦ * * * * * ♦

Rule XI

POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES

♦ ♦****•

18. Committee on Un-American Activities.

(a) Un-American activities. u u -xi.

(b) The Committee on Un-American Activities, as a whole or by subcommittee,
is authorized to make from time to time investigations of (1) the extent, char-
acter and objects of un-American propaganda activities in the United States,
(2) the diffusion within the United States of subversive and un-American prop-
aganda that is instigated from foreign countries or of a domestic origin and
attacks the principle of the form of government as guaranteed by our Constitu-
tion, and (3) all other questions in relation thereto that would aid Congress
in any necessary remedial legislation. ^^ xi. tt /• x at.

The Committee on Un-American Activities shall report to the House (or to tHe
Clerk of the House if the House is not in session) the results of any such investi-
gation, together with such recommendations as it deems advisable.

For the purpose of any such investigation, the Committee on Un-American
Activities or any subcommittee thereof, is authorized to sit and act at such times
and places within the United States, whether or not the House is sitting, has
recessed, or has adjourned, to hold such hearings, to require the attendance
of such witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents, and
to take such testimony, as it deems necessary. Subpenas may be issued under
the signature of the chairman of the committee or any subcommittee, or by any
member designated by any such chairman, and may be served by any person
designated by any such chairman or member.

* * * * * * * .

26. To assist the House in appraising the administration of the laws and in
developing such amendments or related legislation as it may deem necessary,
each standing committee of the House shall exercise continuous watchfulness
of the execution by the administrative agencies concerned of any laws, the subject
matter of which 'is within the jurisdiction of such committee; and, for that
purpose, shall study all pertinent reports and data submitted to the House by
the agencies in the executive branch of the Government.

VI

SYNOPSIS

The operations of both the KGB (Committee of State Security)
and the GRU, the Soviet military intelligence service, are portrayed
by Petr S. Deriabin, a former officer of the Soviet secret police ^vho
defected to the West in 1954, in tlie accompanying testimony. The
KGB, in addition to being responsible for carrying out foreign espio-
nage for the Soviet Union, is also charged with protecting the
U.S.S.R.'s internal security. As part of this latter function, it guards
and maintains surveillance over the top Soviet leaders.

There are approximately 16,000 officers in the KGB who are as-
signed not only to provide physical security to the leaders of the
Soviet Government but also to maintain a surveillance over them,
Deriabin stated.

He described the luxury and debauchery of the private lives of the
top leaders of the Soviet Government and pointed out the intrigue
and distrust which pervades their relationsliips.

The foreign section of the Soviet civilian espionage service
(KGB), consisting of 3,000 officers in headquarters in Moscow and
about 15,000 officers around the world, "is responsible for espionage
and counterespionage abroad ; also for surveilling Soviet and satellite
citizens who travel abroad; and is responsible for carrying out oc-
casional assassinations, kidnaping, blackmail, and similar activities."
Deriabin stated.

He continued :

Soviet intelligence most of the time is using methods like
blackmail, bribery, and they include prisoners of war who
spend some time inside the Soviet Union. They are using
immigrants. Sometimes they send as immigrants to another
country their own citizens to make some kind of spy net-
work. Actually, they are working in two ways. They use
legal channels and illegal channels and foreign missions
and exchange groups, too.

For instance, when the Soviet delegation is going abroad,
it always includes some intelligence or counterintelligence
officers.

For instance, in 1957 there was a Soviet delegation, a con-
struction delegation in the United States, which includes one
Soviet intelligence officer whose name is Major Zagorsky,
who was a member of that Soviet delegation. When the
Moiseyev dancers were here, Lieutenant Colonel Aleksandr
Aleksandrovich Kudriavtsev was a member of the Moiseyev
dancers who is working for Soviet intelligence for many
years, and he is a colonel. Both of them were working with
me in Moscow while I was there.

Another example was in 1956, when the Soviet religious
delegation was here, the Soviet Orthodox Church. The chief

2 THE KREMLIN'S ESPIONAGE AND TERROR ORGANIZATIONS

of that was Archbishop Nikolai. He is not a member of
KGB, but he is an agent of KGB since World War II, who
gives information to KGB. KGB is asking him and he is
giving information. He is actually an agent.

In addition to the civilian foreign espionage service (KGB^, there
is also the military foreign intelligence service (GRU) which has
many more agents than does the civilian foreign espionage service,
Deriabin asserted.

With reference to the methods used by these two foreign espionage
operations of the Soviet Government, Deriabin stated:

The firet thing is blaclanail and bribery and Communist
sympathies, Communist sympathizers, and using methods
of provocation. This is the general method.

* * * * *

I would say they use open code, secret writing, couriers,
contacts with legal residents, by radio and through agents
whom they send to take information.

*****

Of course, they are working through other branches, such
as the diplomatic, press, Intourist, commercial relations,
scientific and professional groups, and cultural exchanges.
Every possibility they use for their intelligence work.

After describing the many branches of the Soviet secret police
organizations operating against the people themselves in the Soviet
Union, Deriabin concluded :

Moscow is the headquarters of the Soviet secret police.
Each Soviet Republic has another headquarters. In each
region and district they have a branch of the KGB in Soviet
life, I would say economical, cultural, and political life inside
the Soviet Union watched over by some kind of directorate
which is under KGB.

If it is cultural life, it is under the political directorate;
the economical life to the economical directorate, and the
military life to militaiy directorate. They are taking care
of all the people. They are working through sources and
agents.

Every Soviet office, every Soviet collective farm, every
factory, has a representative of KGB who has his own agents
in the factory, in the office, and everywhere. There are so
many agents and sources who are working for the KGB, in
every Soviet apartment building and everywhere. You can
find them everywhere.

I would say, in general, about every 15 persons in the
Soviet Union are covered by 1 source or 1 agent inside the
Soviet Union — an informer.

THE KREMLIN'S ESPIONAGE AND TERROR
ORGANIZATIONS

Testimony of Petr S. Deriabin, Former Officer of the U.S.S.R/s
Committee of State Security (KGB)

U.S. House of Representatives,
Committee on Un-Americax Activities,

Washington^ D.G.
The committee met in executive session, pursuant to call, in room
226, House Office Building, Hon. Francis E. Walter (chairman)
presiding.

Committee member present : Representative Francis E. Walter, of
Pennsylvania.
Staff member present : Richard Arens, staff director.
The Chairman. May we come to order.

Will you raise your right hand, please? Do you swear the testi-
mony you are about to give in the matter now pending will be the
truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Deriabin. Yes, I do.

TESTIMONY OF PETR S. DERIABIN, A FORMER OFFICER OF THE
SOVIET COMMITTEE OF STATE SECURITY

^ The Chairman. May the record today reflect that the witness who
IS about to testify has been the subject of careful, thorough checking
by the Committee on Un-American Activities with appropriate secu-
rity agencies of the Government of the United States, and found to be
thoroughly reliable, trustworthy, and in all respects bona fide with
respect to his background and the experiences which he shall now
relate for the fiirst time for public revelation.

^ Before proceeding, I might say that, moreover, it is the informa-
tion of this committee from unimpeachable intelligence sources in this
Government that, over the course of the last 5 years, the witness who
IS about to testify has rendered to the Government of the United
States, via intelligence and other appropriate agencies of the Govern-
ment, invaluable services.

Now, Mr. Arens, you may proceed.

Mr. Arens. Kindly state your full name.

Mr. Deriabin. My name is Petr Sergeyeviv Deriabin.

IVIr. Arens. Where and when were you born ?

Mr. Deriabin. I was born in the U.S.S.R. in Siberia, a small village
named Lokot, in 1921— February 21, 1921.

Mr. Arens. Now, would you kindly give us just a brief word about
your early life prior to the time that you reached adulthood ?

37927°— 59 2 o

4 THE KREMLIN'S ESPIONAGE AND TERROR ORGANIZATIONS

Mr. Deriabin. My parents were peasants until 1930's. In the 1930's
tliey were forced to the collective farms. My father died in 1936 and
mv mother died in 1941.

I graduated from the Soviet Teachers Institute after 2 years. I
was working as a teacher from 1937 mitil 1939. In 1939 I was called
into the Soviet Army, where I spent from 1939 mitil 1914:. In that

time I was ■ -, a • ^ k o

Mr. Aeexs. In what capacity did you serve m the boviet Army i

Mr. Deriabin. In the Soviet Anny I was in the first year Deputy
Chief Political Commissar in the Sergeants School, noncommissioned
ofScers' school, and then I was secretary in the Komsomol (Communist
Youth League) .

Mr. Arens. What was that school ?

Mr. Deriabin. Before I was in school I was Deputy Political Com-
missar. Then I was assigned to, and was secretary of, the Youth Com-
munist League in my regiment— in my infantry regiment.

Mr. Arens. How long did you serve in that capacity 'i

Mr. Deriabin. For 1 year.

Mr. Arens. Then what was your next assignment ?

Mr. Deriabin. The next assignment was when World War II ■
started, and at that time I was in the war from 1941 until 1944. At
that time I was deputy chief of Materiel Company on the Stalingrad
front and the Ukrainian front, and then I was assistant to the chief of
staif of a regiment. , ■, . ., , xi

During the war I was wounded four times, and then through the
party committee of my division, by order and by myself, I joined
the Counter-intelligence School in Moscow. It was in April 1944.

In that school I spent 1 year, until April 1945. Since 1945 and
1947 I was working as case officer in the headquarters of the counter-
intelligence in Moscow. ^nA'-l

Mr.^ARENS. Then what was your next assignment after 194^ {

Mr. Deriabin. In the same year, 1947, I spent a few months m, I
would say, the MVD,' in the State of Altai. I was in that provincial
MVD office as a case officer and chief of the surveillance group.

Mr. Arens. When did that service in that capacity terminate?

Mr. Deriabin. It was over in February 1947.

Mr. Arens. Would you kindly tell us your next assignment?

Mr. Deriabin. The next assignment was since, I would say, March
1947, mitil April 1952, 1 was working in the Guard Directorate of the
Soviet secret police.

Mr. Arens. Where were you stationed ?

Mr. Deriabin. The station was in :Moscow. _

Mr. Arens. Wliat were your particular duties ?

Mr. Deriabin. My duty was I was 1 year case officer and m the
second year senior case officer and deputy chief of subsection and
chief of subsection in that Guard Directorate. Actually the work
was I was checking the people and officers who were working lor
the Guard Directorate. Actually, that Guard Directorate was taking
care of guarding Soviet leaders, members of the Central Committee
of the government.

Mr. Arens. What was your next assignment ?

1 Ministry of Internal Affairs (secret police agency), which was then responsible for the
Internal security of the Soviet Union.

THE KREMLIN'S ESPIONAGE AND TERROR ORGANIZATIONS 5

Mr. Dekiabin. From April 1952 until September 1953 I ^Yas work-
ing in the Austrian-German section, for the Soviet Intelligence
Directorate.

JVIr. Arens. "Where were you stationed ?

Mr. Deriabin. The station was in Moscow, too.

In September 1953, I was assigned to Vienna and was working as
intelligence officer in the Soviet MGB ^ station in Vienna.

Mr. Arens. Then tell us in a word, please, sir, what transpired
next in your life.

Mr. Deriabik. I was in Vienna until February 15, 1954. I decided
on that day, February 15, 1954, I went to American headquarters in
Vienna and asked for asylum.

Mr. Arens. Tell us in a word what happened next.

Mr. Deriabin. I spent a few days in the American Zone in Austria
in asking them permission to go to the United States, because they
asked me what I would like to do and what I am going to do. First
I asked them about political asylum. They gave me, I would say,
about 10 days or 2 weeks, then I arrived in the United States and was
smce, I would say, February 28, 1954, I leave for United States.

Mr. Arens. Now would you kindly proceed at your own pace to
tell us about the Okhrana,^ its size, responsibilities, and its methods.
First of all, what is the Okhrana ?

Mr. Deriabin. Okhrana is actually the secret service of the Soviet
State Security, and is responsibile for guarding its leaders against
the people. The size— I would say the exact number of officers work-
ing there in 1953 was 16,000 officers. Actually, the Guard Direc-
torate IS just in Moscow, because they are especially to guard the
leaders of government.

Mr. Arens. And a word about its methods ?

Mr. Deriabin. Well, they are guarding physically, armed and un-
armed civilians, the people. They carry out surveillance and opera-
tions, security checks of all the people that may come in contact with
the government leaders, in addition to providing physical security.

Mr. Arens. Does the Okhrana also maintain a surveillance over the
hierarchy itself within the Soviet Government?

Mr. Deriabin. Yes, they do.

Mr. Arens. Why?

Mr. Deriabin. Well, as far as I know, all Soviet leaders doesn't
trust each other and in this purpose they have the civilians against
each other.

Mr. Arens. To whom did the Okhrana report when you were in it?

Mr. Deriabin. Okhrana actually reported to the Central Committee
or the Soviet Communist Party,

Mr. Arens. And what was the source of its information ?

Mr. Deriabin. Well, actually there was the chief of the Guard
Directorate who was responsible, during Stalin's day, to Stalin; and
after Stalm died he was responsible to Malenkov and, the last time
I believe, responsible to Khrushchev. Actually, to be chief of Guard
Directorate, you were under the Central Committee. The Minister
ot State Security, he is the boss, but he is not actually the boss.

^TPR'^i^*^''? "^ ^u^^^. Security, the Soviet foreign espionage service. Technically tha
Eh 1954 absorbed by the MVD on March 6, 1953, and remained a part of it unt5

mea^ng^"'<^uard'' °or' 'Wni-^nHn'lf "' S*" ^^"^ ^^"^"*. ^"''^^ P"'"^^' '^ ''^ «'«" ^ R"«slan term
^^S^eSL:^^^'^l^l.,ti^^'i^:l^-^i,^o the MVD's Guard Directorate,

Q THE KREMLIN'S ESPIONAGE AND TERROR ORGANIZATIONS

Mr Arens He is tlie head of it but not actually the boss ? ^

Mr! Deriabin. That is right. Actually the Central Committee is

the boss of the Guard Directorate. , ^ ., ^ ^ i r^ u^.-.

Mr, Arens. Then the man who is head of the Central Committee

would be boss of the Okhrana ?
Mr. Deriabin. That is right. u^ • •.. • 4:

Mr. Arens. From what sources does the Okhrana obtain its mtorma-

^^Mr Deriabin. Well, of course, they use as sources agents in the

households, barbers, cooks, waitresses, drivers, and others who are

working around leaders. -, , j. .1 • -j.^

Mr. Arens. Can you give us ca further word about their security

^ Mr Deriabin. The guard officers, they are around the leaders all ~
dav and all night. "VVlien a leader is sitting in the office, the guards
are around the office. When leaders are going in the parade, demon-
strations, making speeches, traveling, taking a rest, always Okhrana
is with them, any place and everywhere.

Mr Arens. Did you have personal experience ot being at close
range with the principal leaders of the international Communist
apparatus stationed in Moscow ? ^ . , , i tut

Mr Deriabin. If you say about Soviet leaders, who I believe are
leaders of international communism, I saw all of them. I was close
to them, not exactly working close to them, but I saw them m the
offices; I saw them in the demonstrations, in the Red Square, ot some
meetings, conferences, and so on. ,, , , ^ , . -...f

For Distance, Stalin, Khrushchev, Malenkov, Bulganm, Mikoyan,
and others. Although as an Okhrana agent I did not work with them
in their o-overnmental capacities in administering the affairs ot state,
I did as^'an Okhrana man, have intimate contact with them in their
offices' in their private lives, such men as Stalm, Khrushchev,
Malenkov, Mikoyan, Zhukov, Bulganm, and virtually all ot the top
leadership at one time or another. ^

Mr. Arens. On the basis of this intimate observation of these lead-
ers of international communism in your capacity as an Okhrana agent,
do you have any observations to make respectmg their so-called
humanitarian concepts and dedication to the people? _

Mr. Deriabin. I would say working in the Guard Directorate, 1
found that Soviet leaders do not work for their own people. Ihey
are working and living just for themselves. Actually, when they are
making speeches and talking to the people that they are servmg lor
the people, actually it is not true. . ct .1

Most of them are serving for themselves. Of course, most o± the
Soviet leaders are real Communists and they believe m Communist
theory. Some of them don't know actually what is capitalism. I
would like, if it is all right with you, to put one example m.
Mr. Arens. Please do. » , • *. 4.

Mr. Deriabin. I was in the U.S. Congress a few days ago, ]ust to
see around, and I saw where Congressmen dined. It seems to be the
same as other restaurants in the United States, especially Washing-
ton, Virginia, and Maryland. I didn't see too much difference be-
tween what the Congressmen eat and what the people eat m the
restaurants.

THE KREMLIN'S ESPIONAGE AND TERROR ORGANIZATIONS 7

Well, if I would say to the Soviet people about the U.S. Congress-
men, how they are living and dining and working in that place, they
would never believe with me, because all Soviet people think that the
U.S. Congressmen don't work for the people; that they have big
offices with gold and packets of money and are just taking a rest while
they are working for the Congress.

The Soviet people think about this because in the Soviet Union all
ministers or members of the Soviet Congress have big offices ; they have
the best service in the Soviet Union ; they have cars, drivers, chauf-
feurs, barbers, and so on, and guards around them.

Soviet leaders explain to the people that they have to live better
than the people because they are working all day, all night, for the
people; that that is the reason why they have to have everything.
Actually, they are not worried too much about the people. They are
concerned for themselves.

Mr. Arens. From the experience which you had as an Okhrana
agent, with close association or contact with the top echelon of the
Communist apparatus in Moscow, do you care to express yourself re-
specting the way in which they conduct their private affairs, their
private lives ?

Mr. Deriabest. Well, every Soviet leader has his own private life,
and the people don't know how they live. They don't like to show
to the people how they live. Actually, the guard officer has to sign
the paper before they take a job to guard somebody that they will never
talk to anybody about what they are doing, with whom they are doing,
with whom they are working, and how they are working. Every
Soviet leader has his own private life. All of them have good houses,
which belong to the government. Actually, they live in it.

They have private hospitals, stores, drugs, and private homes where
they are taking rests and everything. But the people know that all of
these places belong to the govermnent. Actually the Soviet top
leaders use them.

The people don't know about that. The top leaders have their own
collective farms which raise vegetables and fruits, and lakes where they
are growing fish for them, and on the collective farms they grow
sheep, produce milk and butter and everything.

For example, Stalin's family ; of course, I saw so many times Stalin's
son, Vasilii, who was actually an alcoholic and a thoroughly corrupted
individual; always too much drinking, with prostitutes, organizing
loud parties in his own place and somewhere else.

If you take, for example, some Soviet top echelon leaders, for in-
stance, secretary of Moscow Party Committee one time was Mr. Popov,
who was organizing many, many times parties, I would say every
week two or three, with prostitutes, with dancing on the tables and
too much drinking.

For example, one Soviet Minister of Railroad Transport was Kova-
lev, who made a big w^eclding party for the daughter. He built a
railroad spur from Moscow to their country house, about 40 kilometers.
Then there was the marriage train, with many cars on it, and a few
hundred guests who went on that party. They spent the govern-
ment's money .^ Kovalev has a big house near the Black Sea. I didn't
see in the United States some millionaires live like Soviet ministers
live in that country.

8 THE KREMLIN'S ESPIONAGE AND TERROR ORGANIZATIONS

Mr. Arens. After your assignment with the Okhrana, you said you
were transferred to the foreign section of the MGB, which I under-
stand is now the KGB.^ Can you tell us something about its size, re-
sponsibilities, and methods ?

Mr. Deriabin. I would say the size of the foreign section of the
Soviet civilian intelligence is about 3,000 officers in headquarters in
Moscow and about 15,000 officers around the world, working as repre-
sentatives of the Soviet Government abroad. The foreign section of
the Soviet civilian intelligence service is responsible for espionage and
counterespionage abroad ; also for surveilling Soviet and satellite citi-
zens who travel abroad ; and is responsible for carrying out occa-
sional assassinations, kidnaping, blackmail, and similar activities.

Mr. Arens. What are the methods used by the MGB ?

Mr. Deriabin. Soviet intelligence most of the time is using methods
like blackmail, bribery, and they include prisoners of war who spend
some time inside the Soviet Union. They are using immigrants.
Sometimes they send as immigrants to another country their own
citizens to make some kind of spy network. Actually, they are work-
ing in two ways. They use legal channels and illegal channels and
foreign missions and exchange groups, too.

Foi- instance, when the Soviet delegation is going abroad, it always
includes some intelligence or counterintelligence officers.

For instance, in 1957 there was a Soviet delegation, a construc-
tion delegation in the United States, which includes one Soviet in-
telligence" officer whose name is Major Zagorsky, who was a mem-
ber of that Soviet delegation. When the Moiseyev dancers were here,
Lieutenant Colonel Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Kudriavtsev was a
member of the Moiseyev dancers who is working for Soviet intelli-
gence for many years, and he is a colonel. Both of them were working
with me in jNIoscow while I was there.

Another example was in 1956, when the Soviet religious delegation
was here, the Soviet Orthodox Church. The chief of that was Arch-
bishop Nikolai. He is not a meml)er of KGB, but he is an agent of
KGB since World War II, who gives information to KGB. KGB is
asking him and he is giving information. He is actually an agent.

Mr. Arexs. To what extent does the MGB, now the KGB, employ
or exploit what we would generally call low-level informers within
a country in which they are operating ?

Mr. Deriabin". Well, of course, Soviet intelligence is using all kinds
of persons if it is possible to recruit them, on any level — the low level,
the middle level, the high level.

Mr. Arexs. What information can you tell us on this record re-
specting Col. Rudolf Abel ?

]Mr. Deriabix. Well, as far as I know, he had in his apartment a
radio and other technical equipment, and he was working under deep,
deep cover. I would say he was doing spy work, was going to take
some kind of scientific information from the United States.

Mr. Arens. Now, may I ask you a pointed question respecting de-
fectors : To what extent does the KGB use phony defectors in hopes
that they would gain the confidence of authorities of free countries ?

Mr. Deriabin. They use them very often because it is very hard
now for Soviets to put their own agents inside the United States or

^ Ooniniittpe of State Security, so named In March 1054 when the MVD lost a number
of Its former functions. The KGB now has charge of both Internal security and foreign
espionage for the Soviet Union.

THE KREMLIN'S ESPIONAGE AND TERROR ORGANIZATIONS 9

other Western countries. It is very hard to recruit, actually, Ameri-
can people to be Soviet spies. For this reason they are using their
own agents. They order them to go to the United States under politi-
cal asylum— ask for political asylum, and then become Soviet spies.
Through them they are going to find methods of American intelli-
gence, how America is working. Maybe America will recruit them
and send them back inside the Soviet Union if they can be used for
her purposes. Or another thing is to penetrate immigration or-
ganizations, groups, trying by penetrating the immigration barriers
of various nations to break down the various organized emigre gi'oups
within the free countries. This is a special effort.

Of course, sometimes they send an agent and order him not to start
work until given a signal. Maybe he will stay 10 years or more and
then start to work.

Mr. Akens. Do they have "sleepers" ?

Mr. Deriabin. Yes.

Mr. Arens. And a sleeper is a man who is idle until he is given a
signal ; is that right ?

Mr. Deriabin. That is right.

Mr. Arens. The KGB is, of course, not the only Soviet intelli-
gence service,

Mr. Deriabin. No; it is not the only Soviet intelligence service.
There is another intelligence service under the General Staff of Soviet
Army. Tliey call them GRU, Soviet military intelligence, which is
under the General Staff of the Soviet Army.

Mr. Arens. Then is it a fair characterization,_ in general, that the
Soviet has two major intelligence services engaging in foreign espio-
nage, the KGB and the GRU, the latter being the intelligence opera-
tion of the military ?

Mr. Deriabin. Eight.

Mr. Arens. What are the main targets for Soviet intelligence
operations in the West ?

Mr. Deriabin. The first, Soviet intelligence working against the
United States, and the second, against NATO members.

Mr. Arens. What is the top priority ?

Mr. Deriabin. The first enemy for the Soviet Union is the United
States, and the second, the members of NATO organizations.
Against them, Soviet intelligence works.

Mr. Arens. What do these intelligence services seek here ?

Mr. Deriabin. They are going to find any kind of information about
the United States and members of NATO— economic, political, mili-
tary, including everything that is possible to use in the future.

Mr. Arens. Based upon your background and experience, please
describe briefly how the Soviet intelligence operations are organized
in a typical Western free country, perhaps, may I suggest, the United
States.

Mr. Deriabin. Soviet intelligence works in two ways. First, legal
residents and, second, illegal residents. I would say legal agents and
illegal agents.

For instance, the United States has a Soviet Embassy. In the
Soviet Embassy there is a legal Soviet resident or boss of Soviet
intelligence and some other officers who are working for the embassy.
They are KGB officers.

10 THE KREMLIN'S ESPIONAGE AND TERROR ORGANIZATIONS

In another case there is an illegal resident, for example, as was
Abel— Col. Rudolf Abel.

I wonld say in each country Soviet intelligence has one legal resident
and maybe one, two, three, or more illegal residents.

They also have legal Soviet intelligence working under the Soviet
Embassy, Tass correspondents, Soviet trade organizations, interna-
tional organizations, personnel such as in the satellite embassies and
consulates.

Mr. Arens. Do you mean Tass, the Soviet press representatives?

Mr. Deriabin. That is right.

Mr. Arens. Based upon your background and experience, is it your
judgment they presently have espionage agents in Tass?

Mr. Deriabin. Well, actually I would say 60 or 70 percent of the
representatives of Tass are KGB members, actually Soviet intelligence
officers.

Mr. Arens. And what about Amtorg, the Soviet trade organization
which is operating in the United States ?

Mr. Deriabin. I believe, and I believe it was before as it is now,
that tiie Soviet used Amtorg for its intelligence work. For instance,
the Foreign Trade Ministry has its own intelligence agency. I would
say if you ask Ambassador Menshikov,^ he knows very well how Soviet
Foreign Trade Ministry works in the intelligence field.

Mr. Arens. Do you have firsthand information respecting Am-
bassador ]\Ienshikov's background in intelligence work?

Mr. Deriabin, Actually, I don't know if Menshikov is a member
of Soviet intelligence or Soviet ]\IGB, but Menshikov was working
inside Soviet Union as Minister of Foreign Trade and Deputy Min-
ister of Foreign Trade, and I know in that ministry he has his own
intelligence section which is working close to KGB intelligence service.
Sometimes KGB intelligence puts their own officers in the intelligence
section of the Trade Ministry, and went abroad as representatives.

]\Ir. Arens. I don't believe, sir, our record is quite clear on your
estimate of the number of GRU military intelligence personnel
operating out of Moscow. "Would you care to give us your best judg-
ment on that ?

Mr. Deriabin. I would not presume to give a precise estimate, but
I am confident that there are many more agents in the military intelli-
gence of the Soviet empire than there are in the civilian service, the
KGB.

Mr. Arens. "What were the instructions given to the civilian intelli-
gence service, of which you were a part, respecting strategies, tactics,
and activities of that service against the United States ?

Mr. Deriabin. In July or August 1953, when Panyushkin ^ became
a boss of Soviet intelligence, he gave instructions to all intelligence
officers, and that instruction said — actually, it was mailing his point in
a letter and in a meeting, which was in Moscow in August of 1953. He
said that it is very hard now to get information from the United
States, and we have to organize our work against the United States
from other countries, especially from organized bases in Latin Amer-
ican countries. Then we have to work against the United States from
East Germany, from Austria, and other European countries.

^ Mikhail A. l\renshIkov. present Soviet Ambassador to the United States.

«Maj. Geu. Alexsaudr S. Panyushkin, Soviet Ambassador to the United States, 1947-52.

THE KEEMLIN'S ESPIONAGE AND TERROR ORGANIZATIONS H

What Panyushkin said was that everybody knows our first enemy
is the United States and the NATO organizations. We have to work
against them. That was it in general.

Mr. Aeens. May I ask, how does this square up with the professions
of Khrushchev for peaceful coexistence and the hand of friendship
which he professes to be constantly extending to the free countries,
particularly to the United States ?

Mr. Deriabin. I don't believe what Klirushchev is saying. I know
what Khrushchev is doing. When Khrushchev said that he is for
peace he is really not for peace. He is going to build communism not
just in the Soviet Union. He would lilce to build communism around
the world.

Mr. Arens. If we have concluded on that subject, may I inquire if
you would like to give us further detail on the various methods by
which the Soviet intelligence service recruits agents in the free coun-
tries.

Mr. Deriabhst. The first thing is blackmail and bribery and Com-
mimist sympathies, Commmiist sympathizers, and using methods of
provocation. This is the general method.

Mr. Arens. How do the Soviet agents in the free countries com-
municate with the Moscow headquarters ?

Mr. Deriabin. I would say they use open code, secret writing,
couriers, contacts with legal residents, by radio and through agents
whom they send to take information.

Mr. Arens. Aside from its own professional staff of officers and
trained agents, do the Soviet intelligence services make use of other
branches of the Soviet Government ?

Mr. Deriabin. Of course, they are working through other branches,
such as the diplomatic, press, Intourist, commercial relations, scien-
tific and professional groups, and cultural exchanges. Every possi-
bility they use for their intelligence work.

Mr. Arens. Do you have facts about any kidnapings or assas-
sinations by the Soviet intelligence services operating m the West ?

Mr. Deriabin. Well, I had some comiection with kidnaping Dr.
Walter Linse in 1952 from West Berlin.

Mr. Arens. Would you tell us about it, please, sir?

Mr. Deriabin. Well, I am going to talk about Lausman,^ though I
didn't mention it.

Lausman was the Czechoslovakian Minister in June 1948 in
Czechoslovakia. Then he left Czechoslovakia. He was living in
Salzburg, in Austria. He was working for freedom and was talking
about what is going on in Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia intelligence
asked Soviet intelligence to help them to kidnap Mr. Lausman.
Czechoslovakia sent three agents to Salzburg. They gave some kind
of narcotics and drugs to Mr. Lausman, put him in a car, and took
him through the West Austrian Zone to the Soviet Zone, and the
Soviets gave them two cars and guards, etc., and they took Mr.
Lausman to Prague, to Czechoslovakia. As far as I know, Mr. Laus-
man woke up when he was in Prague.

Mr. Arens. Do you have any other cases which you could recount
from your own knowledge ?

1 Bohumil Lausman, Deputy Prime Minister and Administrator of Industry in Czecho-
Blovakia before tlie Communist coup in 1948.

12 THE KREMLIN'S ESPIONAGE AND TERROR ORGANIZATIONS

Mr. Deriabin. In West Berlin there is an organization, Free Jurists
Union.^ In 1952, that Free Jurists Union was going to organize an
international conference of jurists there. At that time, Soviet intelli-
gence had a plan to kidnap Dr. Friedenau, who was boss of that. When
the plan was all ready to kidnap Dr. Friedenau, he left West Berlin
and went to Stockholm, to Sweden, to prepare a meeting with other
jurists.

Dr. Linse, who was the chief of economic section in that Free Jurists
Union, was in charge to organize tliis international meeting. Then
Soviet intelligence, using their agents, who were Germans by nation-
ality, kidnaped Dr. Linse from West Berlin to East Berlin. While
kidnaping him Dr. Linse started to struggle. One man took a gun,
one Soviet agent, and sliot him in his leg to put Dr. Linse inside the
car. They put him inside the car and took him to the Soviet Zone.
Then there was the trial.

After a while they took him inside the Soviet I^nion. I don't know
what happened, if they put him for 25 years in jail or they killed him.

But in that time they answered the Western countries that they
did nothing to Dr. Linse, that they had nothing to do with him, with
Dr. Linse.

Mr. Akexs. I understand you were present in IMoscow at the time
of Stalin's death ; is that correct ?

Mr. Deriabin. Right.

Mr. Arens. Did you gain any information or impressions about
the circumstances of his death and the power struggle which followed?

Mr. Deriabin. In this question, I would say I saw a movie here on
TV about Stalin's death. I would say 70 or 75 percent of the show in
that movie is true. I am telling this because at that time while I was
working in the Guard Directorate, and while I was working in the
Intelligence Directorate, it was many, many times a shakeup in the
Guard Directorate. The leadership or the bosses in the Guard Direc-
torate, there was five of them in 1951, 1952, and 1953, for 3 years it
was five new bosses.

Mr. Arens. JNIay I ask you in passing what happened to the various
bosses ?

Mr. Deriabin. I would answer better if I give you a name. The
first boss was Lieutenant General Vlasik.

Mr. Arens. What happened to him ?

Mr. Deriabin. They put him in jail. He was staying for a few
weeks and then he was dead in jail. Whether they beat him or so —
he was healthy when they took him and put him in jail.

Then actually guarding Stalin, were three colonels. _ One was sent
to Xovosibirsk ; one colonel was sent to Omsk, in Siberia ; one colonel
was sent to Molotov city, in northeast Russia. It was known as Perm.

Actually, they sent them in the concentration, not to be bossbut
sent as assistant to boss — everyone to be an assistant to a boss in a
concentration camp.

When Stalin was alive, in 1952, it was making orders by Malenkov
and some other leaders that they cut Stalin's guards 50 percent in
1952'. Then there was another boss, Ignat'yev, who lost his job. Now
he is working as a party boss in some Soviet Republic.

* Investigating Committee of Free Jurists, also known as League of Free Jurists.

THE KREMLIN'S ESPIONAGE AND TERROR ORGANIZATIONS 13

There was another boss, Major General Kusmechev, who was shot
just after Stalin's death. I was talking about who was exactly boss.
There was a big shakeup in the Guard Directorate, and they sent so
many people to Siberia. So after Stalin died, no member of his Guard
Directorate was left in Moscow. Everybody was ordered to go to
Siberia or somewhere. Nobody stayed to work for KGB or for in-
telligence. Thej^ were completely sent out, all over the place. The
particular organization was disbanded.

Mr. Arens. Do you have information respecting the power struggle
which followed Stalin's death ?

Mr, Deriabin. When Stalin died, we were waiting that Malenkov
would become the boss of the Communist Party and Molotov would
become the boss of the Soviet Government. It doesn't happen. We
found 2 or 3 weeks after Stalin's death that Beria was domg some-
thing, was going to take over the Soviet Government.

Actually in June 1953 I was walking the Moscow streets and I saw
tanks and troops around Moscow. The next morning when Beria
was arrested— actually it was nighttime— I met some friends of mine
working in the Guard Directorate. I asked them why were tanks
around the Moscow streets, and that man answered to me that he
went to Beria's home — actually, he was responsible for checking
Beria's guards, officers, and he said he found the military officers
staying around Beria's house, that Beria was arrested.

Mr. Arens. What significance do you attach to the fact that there
were tanks and troops around Beria's home ?

Mr. Deriabin. Well, at that time I was thinking something is going
wrong. I was going to the office and was going to find what it wa?,
because at nighttime, I think at 2 o'clock at night, I was going home,
after my work. Actually we worked most of the time at night.

I found the tanlfs. I didn't get any information until the morning.
But in that time, so many KGB officers were fired and put in jail,
and actually I didn't know whether I would be alive or not.

Mr. Arens. You have told us about the apparatus which guards the
high echelon of the Communist Government officials, and you have
told us about tlie two principal segments of their overseas intelligence
operations. Although you did not personally serve in the secret police
which operate against the people themselves in the Soviet Union, could
you give us a word about the organization, structure, number, and ac-
tivities of that service in the Soviet Union?

Mr. Deriabin. Well, under Soviet secret police there are so many
directorates. I would like to tell you that there are two important
directorates, the secret political directorate, which is watching Soviet
intelligentsia, and government employees, and who is not working in
the factory or in the field.

Well, they have a few sections in that directorate, and under each
section they have the responsibility to answer for some ministries,
some departments of government.

There is another economical directorate under the secret police,
which is taking care of Soviet industry, machinery, and agriculture.

They are watching the people and giving information for the Com-
munist Party and for the government, what is going on inside the
Soviet Union.

The third is the military counterintelligence, which is working by
the same methods as the secret political directorate or the economical
directorate, but just inside the Soviet Army.

14 THE KREMLIN'S ESPIONAGE AND TERROR ORGANIZATIONS

Moscow is the headquarters of the Soviet secret police. Each Soviet
Eepublic has another headquarters. In each region and district they
have a branch of the KGB in Soviet life, I would say economical, cul-
tural, and political life inside the Soviet Union watched over by some
kind of directorate which is under KGB.

If it is cultural life, it is under the political directorate; the eco-
nomical life to the economical directorate, and the military life to mil-
itary directorate. They are taking care of all the people. They are
working through sources and agents.

Every Soviet office, every Soviet collective farm, every factory, has
a representative of KGB who has his own agents in the factory, m
the office, and everywhere. There are so many agents and sources who
are working for the KGB, in every Soviet apartment building and
everywhere. You can find them everywhere.

I would say, in general, about every 15 persons in the Soviet Union
are covered by 1 source or 1 agent inside the Soviet Union — an in-
former.

Mr. Arens. Is the record clear that it is your judgment that ap-
proximately 1 out of every 15 persons in the Soviet Union is either
an informer or an agent for the secret police ?

Mr. Deriabin. Do not make a mistake. Soviet KGB is working
close to the Communist Party. And the Communist Party has to
get all information to the KGB about the people, and the KGB has
to give information to the Communist Party about the people, too.

If you put together the members of the Communist Party and the
sources of KGB, it will be exactly what you say.

Mr. Arens. Is there any other comment or observation that you
should like to make on this record, which you understand will be
made public?

Mr. Deriabin. I would say now so many correspondents and Amer-
ican people are talking about the new Soviet laws, which was pub-
lished in September 1958, and sometime Khrushchev said that KGB
does not have too much authority now as it had before. I would say
it was the election in March and February inside the Soviet Union,
in each Republic election, the Supreme Council of the Eepublic,
through tlie Soviet press which I rend now sometimes, I see— I found
49 chiefs of KGB and MVD elected to membership of the Supreme
Council during the last election.

I would say before, when Stalin was alive, it was less members
of KGB who were elected working for the government than it is
now. The Soviet criminal code, published in 1958, is stronger than
it was as the Soviet criminal code before.

Mr. Arens. Have you any comments to make on a public record
respecting other prospective defectors, such as yourself, or any others
who, at one time, had plans to defect ?

Mr. Deriabin. To answer this question I would say that, of course,
there are some Soviet officers in intelligence work or Soviet diplomats
who would like to join the West. But there are so many difficulties
for them to do this. All of them have some relatives or parents, or
close relatives, inside the Soviet Union. ^

If some of them go to the West, it means that the Soviet Govern-
ment, especially KGB, will put their relatives in jail or send them to
Siberia because there is the Soviet law about that.

THE KREMLIN'S ESPIONAGE AND TERROR ORGANIZATIONS 15

Of course, these officers who would like to join the West, they
don't like to be an enemy of their relatives. That is one thing which
stops them.

Another thing is most of the Soviet officers who are abroad now,
especially in the United States or in other countries, they don't know
well how is life in other countries, and they don't know well how
the new government will meet them.

The third thing is they don't know what to do in this country. Ife
is very good to say, "I got freedom," so they have to work when they
join the West and do something. Most of the Soviet diplomats and
intelligence officers, they didn't do any kind of jobs, especially phys-
ically or something else. All their lives they serve for the govern-
ment, as intelligence officers, as a diplomat or some other representa-
tive. It is very hard for them to start a new life. They then don't
know exactly if, for instance, the U.S. Government will help them
or not. I wish they could know of my experience. I find so many
friends in the United States and everything is just fine.

But first when I arrived I didn't know what to do, how to live, and
so and so. Of course, Americans have helped me a lot, and I am in
good shape now.

Mr. Arens. You have told us, off the record, have you not, certain
instances in which high-ranking Communists behind the Iron Curtain
have, to your certain knowledge, built up bank accounts in the free
world?

Mr. Deriabin. In answer to this question, I would say that the
Soviet secret service is taking care of all Communist lenders around
the world. They like to have any kind of information about them,
especially about the leaders of satellite countries. Actually they have
advisers to guard them. Especially when I was working in the
Austro-German section, we had a special branch which was taking
care of East German Government, the East German police, and the
East German military service.

We had the files, specially on Walter Ulbricht, who is Deputy
Premier in East Germany.

In the file of Walter Ulbricht there was information that Ulbricht
has a niece or some relatives in the United States, and through her he
put money in an American bank for his future. If something hap-
pens in East Germany, he will have money then.

Mr. Arens. Do you have any other instances like that you can tell
on the public record ?

Mr. Deriabin. Well, about Rau, Deputy Premier of the East Ger-
man Government, the KGB thought that he was an agent of the Nazis
during the war.

In talking about satellite countries, I would like to say that the
Soviet secret police always like to have information about the leaders
of satellite Communist parties. For example, everybody knows that
in Hungary, Hungarian dictator Eakosi is now inside the Soviet
Union. One Soviet KGB colonel, his name being Yevkimenko, who
was Soviet intelligence adviser to the Plungarian Government, he had
his own sources around Rakosi. One of his sources went to see Rakosi,
it was 1951,- and told him that Soviet boss of intelligence would like
it if he became his informer or his agent.

16 THE KREMLIN'S ESPIONAGE AND TERROR ORGANIZATIONS

Rakosi called the Soviet adviser and told him, "Wliy are you going
to have agents around me? You have to know that I am the first
agent of the Soviet Union."

The Chairman. May I express to you appreciation not only for
your cooperation evidenced by the testimony which you have given
today, but, likewise, for your cooperation with this comniittee, its
staff, and agencies of the Government of the United States since your
arrival on these shores.

Thank you.

(Whereupon, the hearing adjourned subject to the call of the
Chair.)

INDEX

Individuals

Page

Abel, Rudolf 8, 10

Beria (Lavrenti) 13

Bulganin (Nikolai) 6

Deriabin, Petr Sergeyeviv 1,2,3-16 (testimony)

Friedenau (Theo) 12

Iguat'yev (S. D.) 12

Khrushchev 5, 6, 11, 14

Kovalev (Ivan V.) 7

Kudriavtsev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich 1, 8

Kusmechev 13

Lausman, Bohumil 11

Linse, Walter 11, 12

Malenkov (Georgi) 5, 6, 13

Menshikov, Mikhail A 10

Mikoyan (Anastas I.) 6

Molotov (V. M.) 13

Nikolai ( Dorofeyevich Yarushevich) 2,8

Panyushkin, Aleksandr S 10, 11

Popov (Georgi M.) 7

Rakosi (Matyas) 15, 16

Rau 15

Stalin, Josef 5, G, 7, 12, 13, 14

Stalin, Vasilii I 7

Ulbricht, Walter 15

Vlasik 12

Yevkimenko 15

Zagorsky (Sergei A.) 1, 8

Zhukov (Georgi) 6

Organizations

American-Russian Trading Corp. (Amtorg) 10

Amtorg. {See American-Russian Trading Corp.)

Communist Party, Soviet Union 14

Central Committee 5, 6

Moscow Party Committee 7

Free Jurists Union. {See Investigating Committee of Free Jurists. )
Investigating Committee of Free Jurists (also known as Free Jurists

Union and League of Free Jurists) 12

Komsomol (Communist Youth League) 4

Moiseyev Folk Dance Co 8

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 9, 11

Tass News Agency 10

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Government of :

Counter-intelligence School (Moscow) 4

Foreign Trade Ministry 10

Ministry of War (Army) :

GRU (military intelligence) 1, 2, 9, 10

Sergeants School 4

Secret Police 1-16

Guard Directorate 4, 5, 6, 12, 13

Intelligence Directorate 5, 12

KGB 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15

MGB 5, 7, 8, 10

MVD 4, 5, 8, 14

Okhrana 5, 6

Supreme Soviet Council 14

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